Water management has evolved significantly over time, shaped by regional needs, technological advancements, and environmental challenges. Historically, water management practices were primarily focused on meeting agricultural and domestic needs. Ancient civilisations, such as those in Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley, developed sophisticated irrigation systems to support agriculture. In Europe during the Middle Ages, water mills and aqueducts were prominent, while in the United States, large-scale dam construction in the 20th century became a hallmark of water management, aimed at flood control, irrigation, and hydroelectric power generation.

In recent decades, the focus has shifted toward sustainable water management due to growing concerns about water scarcity, pollution, and climate change. In Europe, the European Union's Water Framework Directive has been a cornerstone of modern water management, emphasising integrated approaches to protect water resources and achieve good ecological status. The EU has also prioritised wastewater treatment and the reduction of industrial pollution, setting stringent standards for member states.

In the United States, water management has been shaped by federal and state policies, with significant investments in infrastructure for water supply and sanitation. However, challenges such as ageing infrastructure, water contamination incidents (e.g., Flint, Michigan), and disputes over water rights in arid regions highlight the need for more robust and equitable management practices.

In contrast, developing regions, such as parts of Africa and South Asia, face significant challenges in water management due to limited infrastructure, rapid population growth, and climate variability. Many communities rely on traditional practices, such as rainwater harvesting, while grappling with issues like waterborne diseases and inadequate access to clean water.

Globally, there is a growing recognition of the need for integrated water resource management (IWRM) to balance competing demands for water across sectors. Efforts are being made to enhance water efficiency, promote conservation, and address the impacts of climate change. While developed regions like the EU and the USA have made strides in modernising water management systems, developing regions continue to face critical challenges that require international cooperation and investment. This global disparity underscores the importance of sustainable and inclusive water management practices to ensure equitable access to this vital resource.

Water management is closely tied to several Sustainable Development Goals, as it underpins global efforts to ensure environmental sustainability, public health, and economic stability. The key SDGs include:

Goal 3: Good Health and Well-Being: Proper water management helps prevent waterborne diseases and ensures access to clean and safe drinking water, which is essential for public health and overall well-being.

Goal 6: Clean Water and Sanitation: This is the most directly linked SDG. It focuses on ensuring the availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. Achieving this goal requires addressing water scarcity, improving water quality, and increasing investments in water infrastructure.

Goal 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities: Efficient water management contributes to creating resilient cities by reducing water wastage, providing reliable urban water supplies, and protecting against flooding and droughts.

Goal 12: Responsible Consumption and Production: This goal emphasises the sustainable use of water in production processes, encouraging industries to minimise water consumption, reduce pollution, and recycle wastewater.

Goal 13: Climate Action: Effective water management is vital for adapting to and mitigating the impacts of climate change, such as droughts, floods, and rising sea levels.

Goal 14: Life Below Water: Managing freshwater systems ensures the health of aquatic ecosystems by reducing pollution, preventing over-extraction, and protecting marine biodiversity.

Goal 15: Life on Land: Sustainable water practices support terrestrial ecosystems, improve soil health, and enhance biodiversity by preventing land degradation and desertification.